HeBoFill ® Boron nitride powder
Are you looking for a high-performance boron nitride powder? Then HeBoFill® is your first choice! An all-rounder in powdered form. Lubrication in new dimensions. Including cooling effect.
HeBoFill® includes a wide variety of boron nitride powder qualities
First and foremost, the HeBoFill® product family performs core tasks such as separating, lubricating, cooling or electrically insulating. Here, the focus is always on process safety, reliability and productivity – regardless of the application you need!
Today, the industry is setting ever-higher standards. Its requirements are becoming more complex and call for innovative solutions — solutions that HENZE BNP can already provide with its HeBoFill® product family: whether as a release agent in aluminum extrusion, as a filler to increase thermal conductivity in plastics, or as an additive in oils and greases to improve
High-temperature properties – HENZE BNP is sure to have the perfect solution. With its three product lines — BASIC LINE, LUB LINE, and COOL LINE — the HeBoFill® brand offers maximum flexibility. This means that, depending on the customer’s application, a customized boron nitride solution can be selected to meet various requirements, such as good flowability, high bulk density, specific agglomeration levels, or exceptional fineness. Convince yourself – we have split our HeBoFill® powder into three product lines, according to specific material properties:
We have divided our HeBoFill® powder grades into three product lines based on specific material properties:
HeBoFill ® BASIC LINE
All-rounder in powdered form
– Uniform layer formation
– High fineness
– Good workability
First and foremost, the high-performance powder of the BASIC LINE is characterised by its high fineness degree. As additives or fillers, they improve temperature resistance and non-wettability. Besides, they can easily be dispersed in liquid release agents, thereby ensuring good workability. It also ensures homogeneous, uniform layer formation in various end applications.
The pure white colour of the BASIC LINE offers plenty of scope for colour design. Customer-specific special colour requests can be realised easily. Thanks to their high specific surface, suspensions with the powders from the BASIC LINE are virtually settling stable. This way, HENZE BNP customers save much time and considerable costs in their production.
HeBoFill ® BL-SP 020
HeBoFill® BL-SP 020* is a pure boron nitride grade with a particularly fine particle size and well-defined crystallinity. Furthermore, HeBoFill® BL-SP 020 is characterised by a very narrow particle size distribution. Due to its extreme fineness, it has a high specific surface area. It improves high-temperature properties in oils and greases and serves as a filler in release agents.
Typical areas of application
- Additive for improving the high-temperature properties of oils and fats
- Filler in release agents
The product highlights at a glance!
- electrical insulator
- high thermal conductivity
- high purity
- high fineness
- virtually free of agglomerates
- high surface area
- Optimal release and lubrication properties even at extreme temperatures, thanks to high resistance to oxidation
* HeBoFill Basic Line – Single Platelet + D50 ⋅10
HeBoFill ® BL-SP 030
HeBoFill® BL-SP 030* is a boron nitride powder with a distinct platelet structure and high purity. Thanks to its broad particle size distribution, the powder can be used in a wide range of applications. It improves high-temperature properties in oils and greases and serves as a filler in release agents and plastics.
Typical areas of application
- Raw material used in the manufacture of sintered bodies
- Filler in release agents
- Fillers in plastics
Product Highlights at a Glance
- Optimal release and lubrication properties, even at high temperatures
- Very good thermal conductivity
- Electrically insulating
- High purity
- Physiologically safe
* HeBoFill Basic Line – Single Platelet + D50 ⋅10
HeBoFill ® BL-SP 035
HeBoFill® BL-SP 035* is a fine, virtually agglomerate-free powder of high purity and good cost-effectiveness. Excellent lubricating and release properties are further advantages of this grade. Owing to its fineness and good wettability, it disperses very well and is therefore particularly well suited as an additive in liquid systems.
Typical areas of application
- Additive in liquid systems to improve release properties
- Additive in lubricants and paints to improve high-temperature properties
Product Highlights
- high fineness, virtually no agglomerates
- can be incorporated very easily into liquid systems
- Additive in liquid release agents and coatings
* HeBoFill Basic Line – Single Platelet + D50 ⋅10
HeBoFill ® BL-SP 038
HeBoFill® BL-SP 038* is a boron nitride grade with a distinct platelet structure and a low degree of agglomeration. Owing to its structure and fineness, this powder possesses good dispersion and wetting properties and is therefore particularly suitable as an additive in liquid systems.
Typical areas of application
- Filler in coatings to improve high-temperature performance
- Base material for high-quality release coatings
Product Highlights
- optimal release properties even at high temperatures
- good understanding of fluid systems
- good lubricity
- high fineness
* HeBoFill Basic Line – Single Platelet + D50 ⋅10
HeBoFill ® BL-SP 040
HeBoFill® BL-SP 040* is a hexagonal boron nitride powder with a distinct platelet structure and high purity. It is particularly well suited as a filler and additive in oils and greases and enhances lubricating properties at high temperatures.
Typical areas of application
- Additive and filler in oils and greases, to improve high-temperature lubricating properties
- Filler in release agents and lubricants
- Filler for plastic applications
Product highlights at a glance
- Optimal release and lubrication properties, even at high temperatures
- High resistance to oxidation – in air up to 900 °C
- temperature-resistant up to 2000 °C under an inert gas atmosphere or in a vacuum
- electrical insulator
- high thermal conductivity
- high purity
- harmless to health
* HeBoFill Basic Line – Single Platelet + D50 ⋅10
HeBoFill ® BL-SP 085
HeBoFill® BL-SP 085* is a boron nitride powder with a very high specific surface area and a partially turbostratic crystal structure. Submicron-sized crystallites form larger agglomerates, which achieve an average particle size of up to 7 µm. In particular, the high specific surface area and the above-average oxygen content result in increased reactivity of the BN at high temperatures.
Typical areas of application
- Raw material for further thermal post-treatments
- Filler in liquid release agents and coatings
Product highlights at a glance
- Relatively high reactivity
- Good release properties
- Electrically insulating
- Turbostratic crystal structure
- Significant increase in viscosity with a low proportion of additive
* HeBoFill Basic Line – Single Platelet + D50 ⋅10
HeBoFill ® BL-PC 060
HeBoFill® BL-PC 060* is a technical-grade material produced as a by-product during the processing of sintered boron nitride grades and is recycled via a complex process. It consists of approximately 70 per cent polycrystalline boron nitride, 15 per cent zirconium dioxide and 10 per cent silicate compounds. Due to its refractory constituents, this powder is particularly well suited as an additive for refractory products.
Typical areas of application
- Filler in coatings to improve high-temperature performance
- as a base material for high-quality release coatings
- Additive for refractory products
Product highlights at a glance
- o Optimal release properties, even at high temperatures
- a cost-effective alternative for technical applications
- good lubricity compared with other ceramic powders
- High resistance to oxidation – in air up to 900 °C
- temperature-resistant up to 2000 °C under an inert gas atmosphere or in a vacuum
- electrical insulator
- Wear resistance
- harmless to health
* HeBoFill Basic Line – Polykristallin + D50 ⋅10
HeBoFill ® extrusion
HeBoFill® extrusion is Henze’s new boron nitride powder, developed specifically for the aluminium extrusion process. HeBoFill® extrusion offers excellent lubricating and anti-adhesive properties, a high degree of purity and good flowability. This effectively prevents aluminium from adhering to the extrusion die and other functional surfaces during the extrusion process.
HeBoFill® extrusion boron nitride powder is easy to process cleanly and is applied particularly economically, evenly and efficiently by electrostatic spraying. This increases the service life of the die and enhances process reliability during extrusion.
Typical areas of application
- Lubricant and release agent between the block and the press disc
- Lubrication of the container seal
Product Highlights at a Glance
- optimal release and lubrication properties
- increases the service life of the press disc and improves process reliability
- economical, efficient consumption
- improves cleanliness in the work area compared with conventional
release agents such as oils, greases and soot - High-quality finish achieved through electrostatic spraying
- uniform coating surface
HeBoFill ® LUB LINE
Lubrication in a new dimension
– Very good lubricating properties
– High thermal conductivity
– High-quality appearance of the end products
As the name already states, the LUB LINE stands for powder with very good lubricating properties, thanks to its crystal structure. The LUB LINE powder is used preferably in greases and oils to improve the high-temperature properties of the lubricants and to further increase the lubricating effect. One side effect is a significant increase in the lubricant’s thermal conductivity.
Here, too, the pure white colour of boron nitride powder scores points, as it gives the end product a high-quality appearance – first impressions count.
HeBoFill ® LL-SP 010
HeBoFill® LL-SP 010* is a pure, highly crystalline, hexagonal boron nitride powder characterised by a particularly fine grain size: the mean particle size is 1.0 µm. Thanks to its properties typical of boron nitride – such as high temperature resistance and thermal conductivity, good lubricity and release properties, as well as its electrical insulation properties – it is particularly suitable for fine coatings, but also as an additive for lubricants.
Typical areas of application
- additive for liquid release agents and coatings
- high-temperature additive in oils and greases
Product Highlights at a Glance
- electrical insulator
- high thermal conductivity
- high purity
- high fineness
- free from agglomerates
- narrow grain size distribution
- Optimal release and lubrication properties even at extreme temperatures, thanks to high resistance to oxidation
- well suited to a wide range of applications
- particularly suitable for incorporation into coatings
- NSF-certified / Certificate in category HX-1
* HeBoFill Lub Line – Einzelne Thrombozyten + D50 ⋅10
HeBoFill ® LL-SP 050
HeBoFill® LL-SP 050* is a pure, highly crystalline boron nitride powder. Thanks to its properties typical of boron nitride – high temperature resistance and thermal conductivity, excellent lubricity and release properties, as well as electrical insulation – it is well suited to a wide range of applications. Its specific surface area and grain size are in the medium range. It is therefore frequently used as an additive in liquid release agents and lubricants.
Typical areas of application
- Additive for liquid release agents and coatings
- High-temperature additive in oils and greases
- Filler for plastic applications
Product Highlights at a Glance
- electrical insulator
- high thermal conductivity
- high purity
- free from agglomerates
- narrow grain size distribution
- well suited to a wide range of applications
- specifically designed for use in coatings
- Optimal release and lubrication properties even at extreme temperatures, thanks to high resistance to oxidation
- NSF-certified / Certificate in category HX-1
* HeBoFill Lub Line – Einzelne Thrombozyten + D50 ⋅10
HeBoFill ® LL-SP 060
HeBoFill® LL-SP 060* is a very pure boron nitride powder with a high degree of crystallinity. It offers the properties typical of boron nitride, such as optimum lubrication and release properties, high temperature resistance and thermal conductivity. Thanks to its good dispersibility in liquid systems and the very low tendency to form agglomerates, this boron nitride powder is ideally suited for use as an additive in liquid release agents.
Typical areas of application
- Additive for liquid release agents and coatings
- Release agents and lubricants in dry areas
- High-temperature additive in lubricants
Product Highlights at a Glance
- electrical insulator
- high purity
- free from agglomerates
* HeBoFill Lub Line – Einzelne Thrombozyten + D50 ⋅10
HeBoFill ® LL-SP 100
HeBoFill® LL-SP 100* is characterised by high purity and good crystallinity. Its high purity, low density and the high thermal conductivity inherent to boron nitride make it a good filler for plastics, helping to increase their low thermal conductivity. At the same time, electrical insulation is maintained. The structure of HeBoFill® LL-SP 100 allows for low to medium filling levels, making it well suited to simple heat dissipation tasks. Its very low hardness results in minimal tool wear, particularly when compared to aluminium oxide, magnesium oxide and other fillers.
Typical areas of application
- Filler for thermal interface compounds, encapsulants
- Filler for silicone resins, thermoplastics and thermosets
- High-temperature additive in lubricants
Product Highlights at a Glance
- excellent lubricating properties
- very good thermal conductivity
- electrical insulator
- high purity
- large single crystals
- medium surface area
- no metal abrasion in the end product
- Minimal tool wear compared with other fillers due to its low hardness
* HeBoFill Lub Line – Einzelne Thrombozyten + D50 ⋅10
HeBoFill ® LL-SP 120
HeBoFill® LL-SP 120* is characterised by its high purity and the size of its individual crystallites. Owing to its high degree of crystallinity, the material possesses excellent lubricity. The powder also has a relatively narrow particle size distribution. At the same time, the specific surface area is comparatively low due to the large crystallites. In filler applications, this means that the viscosity of the matrix materials is less affected.
Typical areas of application
- Additiv zur Verbesserung der Hochtemperatureigenschaften in Ölen und Fetten
- to increase the thermal conductivity of plastics
- Filler in coatings due to low wettability
Product Highlights at a Glance
- electrical insulator
- high thermal conductivity
- high purity
- large single crystals
- small surface area
- no metal abrasion in the end product
- Minimal tool wear compared with other fillers due to its low hardness
- Optimal release and lubrication properties even at extreme temperatures, thanks to its high resistance to oxidation
* HeBoFill Lub Line – Einzelne Thrombozyten + D50 ⋅10
HeBoFill ® Cool LINE
Cooling effect included
– High thermal conductivity
– High electrical insulating effect
– Good connection to the plastic matrix
– High process reliability
The technology behind foldable mobile phones, tablets, e-mobility is constantly evolving. Today’s electronic components achieve maximum performance in the smallest possible installation space. Heat is the main result, which has to be dissipated to increase the components’ service life, on the one hand, and to guarantee functional reliability on the other.
Here, boron nitride powder is more in demand than ever before. This is because they are considered the ideal filler for increasing thermal conductivity, found, for example, in plastics. The COOL LINE is absolutely pre-destined for these application scenarios. It was developed and refined specifically for this purpose.
The thermal conductivity can be increased many times over by adding boron nitrides, while at the same time maintaining the electrical insulating effect. Boron nitride powder’s excellent lubricating and anti-friction properties ensure a smooth production process during compounding. Compared to other conventional fillers, system wear is reduced to a minimum with the use of the COOL LINE fillers. Saving costs in your production.
HeBoFill ® CL-ADM 020
HeBoFill ® CL-ADM 145
HeBoFill® CL-ADM 145 is a high-performance boron nitride powder that has been specially developed for demanding applications. With a high degree of agglomeration and medium agglomerate density, it combines a low specific surface area with excellent crystallinity.
The agglomerate structure of HeBoFill® CL-ADM 145 enables high thermal conductivity even at low loading levels – whilst maintaining low viscosity. Furthermore, this morphology ensures virtually isotropic material properties, which further enhances performance in thermally conductive, electrically insulating systems.
In addition to its highly effective insulating properties, the powder protects the processing equipment thanks to its natural lubricating properties and extends the service life of the machinery.
Typical areas of application
- Liquid systems such as adhesives and potting compounds
- Thermal interface materials, gap fillers
- Applications with no restrictions on particle size
Product Highlights at a Glance
- high thermal conductivity
- High degree of urbanisation with medium density
- high purity
- enables higher fill levels
- large particle size
- low specific surface area
- no metal abrasion in the end product
- minimal tool wear compared with other fillers
* HeBoFill Cool Line – Agglomerat mit mittlerer Dichte + D50
HeBoFill ® CL-ADM 150
HeBoFill® CL-ADM 150 is a technically optimised boron nitride powder with a particularly high degree of agglomeration and medium density. This grade of boron nitride has a low specific surface area combined with high crystallinity. Thanks to the targeted agglomeration of large single crystals, this grade is highly suitable as a filler and additive in plastics to increase thermal conductivity whilst maintaining electrical insulation.
Typical areas of application
- Filler in plastics to increase thermal conductivity
- In applications where there is no restriction on particle size
- Liquid systems such as adhesives and potting compounds
- Thermal interface materials, gap fillers
Product highlights
- Very good thermal conductivity
- Increasing through-plane thermal conductivity
- High fill levels are possible in the system
- Slight increase in viscosity
- Good flowability due to its granular structure
- Electrically insulating
- Flame retardancy of plastics
- Minimal tool wear compared with other fillers
* HeBoFill Cool Line – Agglomeratdichte hoch + D50
HeBoFill ® CL-ADH 100
HeBoFill® CL-ADH 100 is a performance-optimised boron nitride powder with an exceptionally high agglomerate density and excellent crystallinity, combined with a low specific surface area. The targeted agglomeration of large single crystallites makes it ideally suited as an additive for plastics that require high thermal conductivity whilst maintaining electrical insulation.
Its dense particle structure allows for high packing densities, which can significantly increase the system’s thermal conductivity. Furthermore, the agglomerate form ensures that the BN properties are virtually isotropic – resulting in improved through-plane conductivity.
With a D50 of 100 µm, HeBoFill® CL-ADH 100 combines particularly well with other fillers to act as a thermal conductivity booster without significantly affecting viscosity. Like all HeBoFill® products, its natural lubricating effect reliably protects machinery from premature wear.
Typical areas of application
- Liquid systems such as adhesives and potting compounds
- Thermal interface materials, gap fillers
- Applications with no restrictions on particle size
Product Highlights at a Glance
- Very high thermal conductivity
- A high degree of urbanisation with a high population density
- Excellent flowability
- Slight increase in viscosity
- high purity
- enables maximum fill levels
- low specific surface area
- no metal abrasion in the end product
- minimal tool wear compared with other fillers
* HeBoFill Cool Line – Hohe Agglomeratdichte + D50
HeBoFill ® CL-ADH 280
HeBoFill® CL-ADH 280 is a technically optimised boron nitride powder with an extremely high degree of agglomeration and high density. This grade of boron nitride has a low specific surface area combined with high crystallinity. Thanks to the targeted agglomeration of large single crystals, this grade is particularly well suited for use as a filler and additive in plastics to increase thermal conductivity whilst maintaining electrical insulation.
Typical areas of application
- Filler in plastics to increase thermal conductivity
- In applications where there is no restriction on particle size
- Liquid systems such as adhesives and potting compounds
- Thermal interface materials, gap fillers
Product highlights
- Very good thermal conductivity
- High degree of urbanisation
- Highest possible fill levels in the system
- Slight increase in viscosity
- Excellent flow properties due to its granular structure
- Electrically insulating
- Flame retardancy of plastics
- Minimal tool wear compared with other fillers
* HeBoFill Cool Line – Agglomeratdichte hoch + D50
HeBoFill ® CL-SP 015
HeBoFill® CL-SP 015* is a high-purity boron nitride powder with a low specific surface area. These properties allow the viscosity to be kept relatively low when incorporated into a plastic matrix. The individual crystallites are in the medium size range of 15 µm. The powder is ideal for applications where the thermal conductivity of components needs to be increased.
Like our other hexagonal boron nitride powders, HeBoFill® CL-SP 015* possesses excellent lubricating properties and low hardness, resulting in minimal abrasion of mixing tools. This distinguishes our boron nitride powders from other oxide fillers, which exhibit significantly higher abrasive behaviour whilst offering lower thermal conductivity.
Typical areas of application
- Filler for thermal interface compounds, encapsulants and plastic coatings
- Filler for injection moulding applications
Filler for silicones, thermoplastics, thermosets and elastomers
Product Highlights
- high thermal conductivity
- enables high fill levels
- pronounced crystallinity
- very low specific surface area
- no metal abrasion in the end product
- minimal tool wear compared with other fillers
* HeBoFill Cool Line – Einzelne Thrombozyten + D50
HeBoFill ® CL-SP 035
HeBoFill® CL-SP 035* is a high-purity boron nitride powder with a very well-defined crystal structure and single crystals in the range of 35 µm. It is further characterised by its low density and its intrinsically high thermal conductivity. As large crystallites conduct heat considerably faster, it is ideally suited for use as a filler and additive in plastics. This significantly increases the thermal conductivity of the plastics whilst maintaining good electrical insulation.
The hexagonal structure of HeBoFill® CL-SP 035, combined with its excellent lubricating properties and low hardness, means that it causes virtually no abrasion to mixing tools. Fillers such as aluminium oxide and magnesium oxide exhibit a much higher degree of abrasiveness.
Typical areas of application
- Filler for thermal interface compounds, encapsulants
- Filler for silicone resins, thermoplastics and thermosets
Product Highlights
- high thermal conductivity
- high purity
- enables high fill levels
- very large single crystals
- very low specific surface area
- no metal abrasion in the end product
- minimal tool wear compared with other fillers
* HeBoFill Cool Line – Einzelne Thrombozyten + D50
HeBoFill ® CL-SP 045
HeBoFill® CL-SP 045* is characterised by very high purity and a well-defined crystalline structure, with crystallites up to 40 µm in size. Its high purity and low density, combined with the high thermal conductivity inherent in boron nitride, make it an ideal filler for plastics, serving to increase their low thermal conductivity. At the same time, electrical insulation is maintained.
The structure of HeBoFill® CL-SP 045 allows for high levels of filling with a comparatively small increase in viscosity. Its very low hardness results in minimal tool wear, particularly when compared with aluminium oxide, magnesium oxide and other fillers.
Typical areas of application
- Filler for thermal interface compounds, encapsulants
- Filler for silicone resins, thermoplastics and thermosets
Product Highlights at a Glance
- high thermal conductivity
- high purity
- enables high fill levels
- very large single crystals
- very small surface area
- no metal abrasion in the end product
- Minimal tool wear compared with other fillers due to its low hardness
* HeBoFill Cool Line – Einzelne Thrombozyten + D50
Do you have any questions about our products?
Our team is here to help.
Why Henze Products
Can boron nitride also be used in the food industry?
- Lubricants for food processing: Certain boron nitride powders from Henze BNP (such as HeBoFill® LL-SP 010 and HeBoFill® LL-SP 050) are NSF-certified (Category HX-1). These powders may be used as additives in lubricants where incidental contact with food may occur. This allows their use directly in and around food processing production facilities. In addition, boron nitride lubricants have received the necessary FDA and EU approvals for food contact.
- Lebensmittelverpackungen: Bornitrid wird zudem als funktionaler Füllstoff für Polyolefin-Folienblasen genutzt, welche bei Lebensmittelanwendungen zum Einsatz kommen.
What are the benefits of NSF-certified powders in food technology?
- Sicherheit bei unbeabsichtigtem Lebensmittelkontakt (Kategorie HX-1): Die Pulver besitzen das NSF-Zertifikat in der Kategorie HX-1. Dadurch dürfen sie offiziell als Additive in Schmierstoffen eingesetzt werden, bei denen ein gelegentlicher, unbeabsichtigter Kontakt mit Lebensmitteln auftreten kann, was ihren Einsatz direkt in und an Anlagen der Lebensmittelverarbeitung ermöglicht.
- Physiological safety and expanded approvals: The material is physiologically safe and extremely compatible with seals as well as the plastics commonly used in systems. In addition to NSF certification, the material also holds the necessary FDA and EU approvals for food contact.
- A safe alternative to PTFE with superior lubricating performance: These powders serve as a future-proof alternative to PTFE. They form a stable dry lubricating film that remains intact even under the heaviest loads and in extreme conditions. They also exhibit excellent creep and wetting properties.
- Equipment protection and cost-effectiveness: As lubricant additives, they have been proven to reduce friction, which leads to lower energy consumption in production facilities. The strong wear protection they provide on surfaces also significantly extends the service life (product lifecycle) of components and machinery.
- Versatility right down to the packaging: In addition to their traditional use as lubricants, these fillers can also be used in polyolefin film blowing, which is directly applied to food applications and packaging.
Are the products cost-effective and safe to use?
Yes, for example, our products reduce energy and fuel consumption by reducing friction and extend the product life cycle through optimum wear protection. In addition, boron nitride is physiologically harmless, very compatible with plastics and seals and retains its effect even under the most extreme conditions. Certain HeBoFill® powders are even NSF-certified (category HX-1) for use in lubricants with unintended food contact.
What is HeBoFill® and what is its main function?
HeBoFill® is our versatile product family of boron nitride powders. We offer a wide range of these products, which are primarily used as fillers to significantly increase the thermal conductivity of plastics. What makes them special is that the plastics’ excellent electrical insulation properties are fully preserved, making them ideal for thermal management applications, such as in the electronics industry.
In which industrial production processes is HeBoFill® used?
The applications are extremely diverse. In aluminum extrusion, special HeBoFill® powders replace traditional release agents such as carbon black and ensure optimal lubrication between the aluminum billet and the extrusion die at high temperatures. In metal forming (such as drawing, rolling, or pressing), they also function as highly effective release and lubricating agents that cause neither carburization nor short circuits or contamination.
Can HeBoFill® be used as an alternative to PTFE (PFAS)?
Yes, absolutely! HeBoFill® is a future-proof and high-performance alternative to PTFE, especially in view of the impending PFAS ban. It is physiologically harmless and retains its effect even under the most extreme conditions. In addition, our HeBoFill® LL-SP 010 and LL-SP 050 powders are NSF-certified (category HX-1) and may be used in lubricants with unintended food contact.
Does HeBoFill® play a role in the modern hydrogen economy?
Yes. The storage and transport of molecular hydrogen (H2) require extremely high sealing performance. HeBoFill® can be used here as a diffusion barrier to enhance the barrier properties of the materials used and minimize hydrogen emissions.